## 2. Using the Editor

This chapter will introduce the basic concepts needed to create a graphical circuit in TkGate.

### 2.1 Understanding the TKGate Interface

(click to enlarge)
Figure 2.1: TkGate Main Window
The main components of the TKGate edit window consists of a menu bar and tool bar at the top, the module, net and port lists on the left, a status bar on the bottom, and the main editing area in the center. The main edit window contains major mode tabs to switch between "Edit" mode for editing your circuit, "Interface" mode for editing the interface of any modules you define, and "Simulate" mode for simulating your circuit. Scroll bars can be used to scroll the circuit, the list of modules or the list of nets.

#### 2.1.1 Main Menu

The TkGate menu bar appears at the top edge of the main window and is arranged by category. The menus that are available can change when you enter different modes (e.g., editing versus simulation).

#### 2.1.2 Pop-up Menus

Many of the features described in this manual can also be accessed using the context sensitive pop-up menus. The pop-up menus are obtained by pressing the right mouse button, and the menu items that appear depend on what was selected. The menu that appears, depends on where you clicked and what the current mode is.

#### 2.1.3 Toolbar

Frequently used commands can be accessed through the TkGate toolbar. These include commands for opening, saving and printing circuit files, changing the editing tool, opening and closing modules and controlling the simulator. The toolbars that are displayed change dynamically with mode. You can also configure which toolbars you want to use on the Toolbars tab of the Options dialog box. A complete list of the toolbar buttons are given in the List of Toolbar Buttons.

#### 2.1.4 Keyboard Shortcuts

Many of the commands that can be accessed through the menu or toolbar can also be accessed through keyboard shortcuts. Commands for creating gates are typical single character letters. When possible, the letter is the first character of that gate type (e.g., "a" to create an "AND" gate and "r" to create a "register"). By default, file handling commands use Emacs-style shortcuts (e.g., "ctrl-c ctrl-s" to save, "ctrl-x ctrl-f" to load a file, etc.) If you prefer, you can choose to use Windows style shortcuts through the Interface tab on the options dialog box.

#### 2.1.5 Module List and Module Hierarchy

The modules defined in the current circuit can be shown as in an alphabetical list view (press to select), or in a hierarchy view (press to select). The list view simply displays all of the modules in alphabetical order. The hierarchy view displays the module hierarchy starting at the top-level module. Under each module is the list of modules used by that module. There may also be additional hierarchies with the loaded library parts and any unused modules. Modules and the module hierarchy are described in greater detail in Section 3.3 Module Hierarchy.

#### 2.1.6 Net and Port Lists

Below the module list in the lower-left corner of the main window is the list of nets or ports in the current module. A symbol precedes each net name depending on the type and whether the net is 1-bit or multi-bit as shown in the table below:

1-Bit Symbol | Multi-Bit Symbol | Description
--- | --- | ---
|  | Wire with a hidden name.
|  | Wire with a visible name.
|  | Register variable (HDL modules only).
|  | Wire with a probe attached to it (in simulation mode).
|  | Module input port.
|  | Module output port.
|  | Module bidirectional port.

The "Ports" list can be used to list the modules nets that are defined as part of the interface for the current module. These are nets that the user is expected to define in the module definition.

#### 2.1.7 Status Bar

Figure 2.2: Status Bar
The status bar on the bottom indicates the file that is being edited, and the current module from that file that is displayed in the circuit window. A "*" after the file name indicates that the buffer has been modified since the last time the file was saved. Below the file and module name is a message bar for informational messages from TKGate. These messages include confirmation for files that are loaded or saved, or information on the currently selected gate or wire.

#### 2.1.8 Major Mode Tabs

Figure 2.3: Major Mode Tabs
The main edit window has three tabs to indicate and select the major mode in TkGate. "Edit" mode is used for creating and editing your circuit. The majority of your time using TkGate is likely to be in this mode. The "Interface" tab is used to design the interface for any modules that you define. You can also use this mode to view the interface of a module without creating a module of that type. The "Simulate" tab is used to perform simulations. When you press this tab, TkGate will send your circuit to the simulator, check for errors, and if your circuit is error free, start the simulator. By default, the simulator will be "paused" and you will need to press the button.

The icon in the upper right corner of the interface can also help show you what mode you are in. The possible icons are:

Symbol | Description
--- | ---
| Edit/Interface Mode - The TkGate logo is shown when TkGate is in the "Edit" or "Interface" modes.
| Paused Simulation - A stopped AND dragon shows that TkGate is simulation mode, and the simulation is paused.
| Running Simulation - A running AND dragon shows that TkGate is in simulation mode, and the simulation is running.

#### 2.1.9 Balloon Help

Figure 2.4: Balloon Help
Balloon help is available for many of the elements in the interface, typically on the prompt text. To use balloon help, simply move the mouse cursor over an interface element. After about one second, an informational help message will be displayed as long as the mouse cursor has not moved. For example, moving the mouse cursor over the "Nets" label on the main window produces a balloon help message as shown below: Balloon help is also available in most of the dialog boxes. Position the cursor over the text in a dialog box to view a more detailed description.

### 2.2 Loading and Saving Circuits

Figure 2.5: Open File Dialog Box
Opening and saving circuits as well as circuit printing operations are done through the "File" menu option on the main window. To load a file into TKGate, you can either specify the file name on the command line when you start, select "Open..." from the "File" menu or use the button on the toolbar. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctl-X Ctl-F. When opening a new file, all existing modules will be flushed from the buffer, and the modules in the new file will be loaded. TkGate save files have the extension ".v" and are in a special annotated Verilog format. Files saved from TkGate contain special comments with information such as circuit elements and wire positions. Also, gates with no explicit counter part in Verilog such as switches and clock generators are saved as annotation comments in the save file.

You can also load non-TkGate generated Verilog files. These files will load as a set of HDL modules. When saving from a file that was loaded as a non-TkGate Verilog file, the saved file will contain TkGate annotations.

When you open or save a circuit, you will see a dialog box such as the one shown in the figure on the right. Enter a file name at the prompt and press the "Open" (or "Save") button, or double click on a file name. Only the appropriate type of files will be displayed. You can change directories by double clicking on a folder to open it, or by using the button in the upper right corner to move up to the parent folder.

### 2.3 Loading Libraries

(Click to enlarge)
Figure 2.6: Library Manager
Libraries are loaded and unloaded through the "Library Manager". Select "Library Manager" from the "File" menu or select from the toolbar. This will open the library manager as shown below: To load a library, select it and press the "Load" button. To unload a library, select it and press the "Unload" button. When you have finished selecting which libraries you wish to have loaded, close the dialog box by pressing "OK". If you press "Cancel", all of your changes to the set of loaded libraries will be ignored.

The set of libraries that are displayed in the library are found by searching the TkGate library path. The library path can be set through the library options dialog and can include user-defined libraries.

When you save your design after loading libraries, TkGate will store the names of libraries you have loaded in the save file. Then when you load your design again, TkGate will automatically load the necessary libraries.

### 2.4 Basic Editing Tools

The basic editing tools are selected through the "Mode" toolbar. While a mode is active, the mouse cursor will change to reflect the active mode. The available editing tools are shown in the table below.

Button | Cursor | Shortcut | Description
--- | --- | --- | ---

|  | F1 | The Move/Connect tool is indicated by the arrow cursor. Use this tool for most editing operations including creating gates, connecting wires, moving gates and wires, opening module instances, opening property boxes of gates and wires, and deleting circuit elements (with the "delete" key).

|  | (F1) | The Connect tool is indicated by the soldering iron cursor. To use this tool, first select the move/connect tool and then press and hold the left mouse button on a wire endpoint. The cursor will then change to the connect tool as long as you are holding down the mouse button.

|  | F2 | The Wire Cutter tool is indicated by the wire cutter cursor. Use this tool to cut wires by clicking on the wire at the point you want to cut it. If you cut a wire with an unconnected end, the wire segments between the cut point and the unconnected end will be deleted automatically.

|  | F3 | The Inverter tool is indicated by the inverter bubble grabber cursors. Use this tool to add or remove inverter bubbles on the inputs and outputs of gates. Click the cursor near an input or output to converter a non-inverting port to an inverting port or vice-versa.

F4

The Wire Size/Type tool is indicated by the ribbon cable cursor. Use this mode to change the bit width of a wire or the type of wire. The desired bit width and wire type should be selected in the selector boxes next to the button on the Mode toolbar. Any wires that are clicked on will have their size and type changed to the selected size/type. The wire type affects how the wire's value will be set when multiple gates drive a wire. You can also change wire bit widths and types using the Wire Properties dialog box.

#### 2.4.1 Creating Gates

There are three main ways to create gates in TkGate: using the menu bar, using pop-up menus, and using keyboard shortcuts. Once you have mastered the keyboard shortcuts, that is generally the preferred way to create gates. These three methods are described in the following sections.

##### Creating a Gate Using the Menu Bar

1) Left click to select the point.

2) Select gate type from menu bar.

3) Gate is created at location set by point.

Figure 2.7: Creating a Gate
1) To create a gate such as a NAND gate, first select the Move/Connect tool , and then press the left mouse button at the position you wish to create it. While you are holding the mouse button down, the cursor will change to an outline arrow to indicate the current orientation. In the case shown at the left, the current orientation is 0 degrees indicating the standard orientation.

When you release the button the arrow will disappear and the mark symbol will remain. The mark indicates the center point for the new circuit element. Clicking the left mouse button at another location will move the mark, and selecting a gate or wire will clear the mark.

2) Select the gate type by opening the "Make" menu. The circuit elements are organized into seven basic categories:

- "I/O" types include switches, dip switches, power sources, clocks, etc.
- "Gate" types include the basic logic gates such as AND and OR gates.
- "Reduction" types include reduction versions of the basic gates types which combine multi-bit signals into a single bit
- "MSI/LSI" types include MUXES, DEMUXES, etc.
- "ALU" types include adders, multiplier, shifters, etc.
- "Memory" types include registers, RAMs, ROMs, etc.
- "Module" types include module blocks and ports.

There are also two additional non-circuit element objects that can be created. A "Comment" is an arbitrary block of text that can be used to add documentation to your circuit, and a "Frame" is a labeled box that you can place around a portion of your circuit.

3) After selecting the menu option or typing the shortcut, the circuit element will be created and displayed in bold to indicate that it is selected. While the gate is still selected, you can press the toolbar button or press the Tab key to rotate the gate to the desired orientation.

##### Creating a Gate Using the Pop-up Menu

Right click to use pop-up menus to create a gate.

Figure 2.8: Creating a Gate with Pop-up Menu
To create a gate using the pop-up menu, right click on the position at which you wish to create a gate. This will both create the position mark and bring up the pop-up menu. Then select "Make", and then maneuver through the gate category to select the appropriate gate type.

##### Creating a Gate Using Keyboard Shortcuts

To create a gate using keyboard shortcuts, first set a mark in the same way as when creating a gate using the menu bar (Section 2.5.1). Then simply type the shortcut for the gate you wish to create. Most of the gate types have single character commands to create them. For example, you can type "a" to create an AND gate, and "A" to create a NAND gate. A list of the gate types and their keyboard shortcuts are shown in Section 2.16.

#### 2.4.2 Connecting Wires

##### Port-to-Port Connections

Step 1: select endpoint | Step 2: drag wire end
Step 3: bring wire end close to other terminal | Step 4: release and connect

Figure 2.9: Port-to-Port Connections
Port-to-port connections are used to connect the end points of two wires. Before making the connections, make sure you have selected the "Move/Connect" tool from the "Tool" menu. Then, click and hold the left mouse button on the endpoint of one of the ends you wish to connect. The mouse cursor will change to a soldering iron to indicate that connect mode is active as shown in Step 1.

Next, drag the mouse toward the other endpoint you wish to connect to as shown in Step 2, TKGate will automatically introduce any necessary bends and maintain connections with only horizontal and vertical segments. Bring the end close the the wire you wish to connect to as shown in Step 3. When you release the mouse button, the wires will connect as shown in Step 4.

##### Port-to-Joint Connections

Step 1: select endpoint | Step 2: drag wire end
Step 3: bring wire end close to other wire and release | Step 4: continue making connections as necessary

Figure 2.10: Port-to-Joint Connections
Port-to-joint connections are used to connect a wire end point to the center or corner of another wire, or to an existing wire joint. These connections are made essentially the same way as port-to-port connections. First, as in with port-to-port connections, make sure you have selected the "Move/Connect" tool from the "Tool" menu. Then, select a free endpoint to get the soldering iron (Step 1). Drag the wire near the wire you want to connect to (Step 2) and release the wire to connect to the nearby wire segment (or corner) and create a solder joint (Step 3). You can continue the process to connect as many ports to a net as necessary (Step 4).

##### Creating Bit Taps

Figure 2.11: Bit Tap
When you attempt to do a port-to-joint connection with wires of different sizes, a "bit tap" will be created if you are connecting a wire with smaller bit size to one with a larger bit size. A bit tap element allows you to select one or more bits off of a bigger wire. To set the desired bit, you should double click on the tap to open the Gate Properties box, select the "Details" tab and enter the desired bit or bits. Ranges are indicated as a pair of bit numbers (high number first) separated by a colon ("`:`") character. For example, to select the low four bits you would use the range "`3:0`". In the bit tap shown here, bit 4 of the register output is used as an input to the AND gate.

Bit taps can only be used to "read" values off of a larger wire. To individually drive bits on a larger wire you should use the "Concat" device. This device can support data flow in either direction.

##### Creating New Joints

Figure 2.12:
Wire Tap
You can also create joints by right clicking on a wire and selecting "Add Wire Segments". This will create a new unattached wire segment to the wire on which you clicked as shown here.

#### 2.4.3 Moving Gates and Wires

##### Moving Single Gates

Step 1: select gate | Step 2: drag gate

Figure 2.13: Moving Single Gates
To move a single gate, press and hold the left mouse button on the gate you wish to move. The selected gate will be shown in bold as shown in Step 1. While holding the mouse left mouse button down drag the gate to the new position as shown in Step 2. Any wires connected to the gate will move along with it. For very fine adjustments, you can also move the selected gate using the arrow keys.

##### Moving Groups of Gates

Step 1: start selection | Step 2: drag selection box
Step 3: grab selection | Step 4: drag selection

Figure 2.14: Moving Groups of Gates
To move a group of gates, first select the Move/Connect tool and press and hold the left mouse button at some point near, but not directly on the group you wish to move. The "X" mark should appear just as if you were going to create a new gate (Step 1). Next, while holding the left mouse button drag the cursor to enclose a group of gates in the selection box (Step 2). The box will appear after moving the cursor a few millimeters. Release the mouse button to select the circuit elements enclosed in the box (Step 3). Then, click and hold the mouse cursor on one of the selected elements (Step 4). You can then move the entire group to a new position.

The gates in a group selection will remain selected until you click on a gate not in the selection, or click on an empty part of the canvas. If you do this operation while holding the control key, you can add gates to the selection rather than create a new selection.

#### 2.4.4 Cut/Paste and Deleting Gates

The selected gate or gates can be deleted by pressing the delete key, or by right clicking and selecting the "Delete" option. The selection may also be cut or copied to the cut buffer by right clicking and selecting "Cut" or "Copy". The original names of the gates and wires in the cut buffer will be remembered and used when pasting if possible, but when pasting multiple copies from the cut buffer, it may be necessary for TkGate to rename those wires and gates.

#### 2.4.5 Rotating Gates

You can rotate single gates, or groups of gates by selecting the single gate or group and using the and toolbar buttons to rotate counter-clockwise or clockwise, respectively. You can also use the Tab or Shift-Tab keys. When rotating a selection, it can not have any wires connecting a selected element to a non-selected element.

You can also set the default rotation by clicking on the button on the toolbar. The inverter symbol on the button will turn to show the current rotation. Any gates that you create will have the default rotation shown on this button.

#### 2.4.6 Wire Cutter Tool

Before Cut | After Cut

Figure 2.15: Cutting Wires
To cut a wire, select the tool from the toolbar to get the wire cutters tool. Click on a wire to cut the wire at the selected point. If there are any loose ends of a wire that is cut, TkGate will automatically delete the loose ends. It will also delete any joints that are no longer needed as the result of a cut. You can also use the wire cutter tool on the edge of a module to "cut off" a port if the module does not have a protected interface.

#### 2.4.7 Inverter Add/Remove Tool

Before Add | After Add

Figure 2.16: Inverting Inputs/Outputs
You can use the tool to add or remove inverters from a gate input or output. Select the tool and click on an input or output port of a gate. If there is currently no inverter on that port, one will be added. If there is already an inverter on that port, the inverter will be removed.

#### 2.4.8 Wire Bit-Size and Type Tool

Figure 2.17: Wire Type Selector
You can use the tool to change the bit-size and type of one or more wires. Use the "Bits" and "Type" selectors next to the button to set the desired bit size and type. Any wires you click on with this cursor will be set to the size and type displayed. The set of possible wire types and their interpretation are described in the section on writing Text Verilog Modules. In most cases you should use the "wire" wire type. The wire size and type can also be set by double clicking on a wire to open the Wire Properties dialog box.

#### 2.4.9 Zoom-In/Zoom-Out

You can use the and buttons to zoom in and zoom out. There are four zoom levels.

### 2.5 Gate Properties

Gate parameters can be edited by double clicking on a gate, or by selecting the gate and then invoking the "Properties..." command from the "Gate" menu. The property dialog box is contains up to four pages which can be selected through the tabs at the top. The "General" page contains basic properties that are common to all gate types, the "Port" page allows editing of ports on the gate, the optional "Details" page contains additional properties that are special to particular gate types, and the optional "Delay" page allows editing of delay parameters of gates.

#### 2.5.1 General Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.18: General Properties
The properties which can be edited on the "General" page shown to the right are:

- Gate Type: The type of the gate. This property is immutable.
- Gate Name: The name of the gate. This must be a unique identifier for the gate within the module. Gate names must start with a letter or the '_' character, and must contain only letters digits and the '_' character. If you attempt to use a gate name which is used by another circuit element in the same module, or attempt to use illegal character, the name will by automatically adjusted by removing the illegal characters, or by appending or prepending characters.
- Hide Name: A flag to indicate whether or not the name for the gate should be displayed. The default is not to display names unless this option is explicitly set.
- Anchor: A flag to indicate whether or not the gate can be moved using the mouse. A selection containing gates with this option active cannot be moved. This option is useful if you want to prevent accidentally moving a gate.
- X/Y: The screen position of the gate. Values can be manually entered even if a gate is anchored.
- Critical Path Partition: Makes the selected element a partition point for the purpose of critical path analysis. Paths through an element with this property will not be considered for the purpose of critical path analysis.

#### 2.5.2 Port Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.19: Port Properties
The "Ports" page contains a list of all the ports on the selected gate. To edit ports on a gate, double click on the port you wish to modify, or select a port and hit the "Edit..." button. You can edit the fields that are modifiable in-line in the dialog box. You can change the signal name or the bit width, but the port name and type may not be editable for all element types. You can also use the "Add.." and "Delete" buttons to add new ports or delete ports for some element types.

The fields in the port list are:

- Signal Name: The name of the signal. The signal name must be unique within the module and has the same naming restrictions as gate names.
- Port Name: The name of the port the signal is attached to. The port name can only be changed for module instances.
- Type: The direction (input, output, bidirectional) of the port. The type can only be changed for module instances.
- Bit Width: The number of bits in the signal.

#### 2.5.3 Detail Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.20: Detail Properties
The "Details" page of the Gate Parameters dialog box is used to set properties that are specific to a gate type. Not all gates have a "Details" page. The example shown here is for a MUX. There are two possible choices for the ordering of the inputs: left-to-right with the lowest numbered input on the left, and right-to-left with the lowest numbered input on the right. There are also two possible choices for which side the MUX selector is placed on.

Other types of gates which take detailed parameters include modules (which require a function name), memories (for which a memory initialization file can be specified), switches (for which an initial value can be specified) and clocks (for which the clock parameters can be specified).

#### 2.5.3 Parameter Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.21: Parameter Properties
Modules defined as Verilog text can have "parameters" in addition to ports. Parameters are constant values that are used by the module. To change the value of a parameter, double click in the "Value" column and enter the new value for that parameter. See the section on writing text Verilog modules for more information on how to create modules with parameters.

#### 2.5.4 Delay Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.22: Delay Properties
Delay for gates can be set either by specifying a standard technology or by customizing the delay for each individual gate. To use a standard technology, select "Standard Delay" and select a technology from the selector button. You can choose one of the built-in technologies "default" or "unit" that comes with TkGate, or add additional technology definitions (see Gate Delay Files for details). The "default" technology is roughly based on CMOS delays, and the "unit" technology simply sets single epoch delays for everything. Note that the delay values shown here can be affected by the bit-width of the ports, the number of ports and the existence/absence of inverters on the ports of gates. In some cases, adding an inverter to a port on a gate can decrease the delay value (e.g., adding an inverter to change an AND into a NAND).

To set the delay values for an individual gate, select "Custom Delay" and enter values for each of the delay parameters in epochs. Delays values must be integers greater than or equal to one, and less than 4096.

### 2.6 Wire Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.23: Wire Properties
Wire properties can be edited by either double clicking on a wire, by double clicking on a net name from the "Nets" list, or by selecting a net from the "Nets" list and then invoking the "Properties..." command from the "Gate" menu.

The net properties are:

- Net Name: The signal name of the net. Signal names must be unique within the module in which they are defined. Signal names must start with a letter or the '_' character, and must contain only letters digits and the '_' character. If you attempt to reuse a name within a module, or to use an illegal character, the name will be automatically adjusted by removing the illegal characters, or by appending or prepending characters. Signal names that begin with a '_', will be displayed with an over-bar to indicate an active low signal. In this case, the leading '_' itself will not be displayed.
- Hide Name: A flag to indicate whether or not the name for the signal should be displayed. The default is not to display names unless this option is explicitly set.
- Bit Width: The number of bits in the signal.
- Net Type: The type of the net.
- Port Type: The direction (input, output, bidirectional) if this signal is a module port. If the signal is not a module port, this field will not be displayed.

### 2.7 Wire Name and Bit-Size Labels

One way to display the label of a wire is to uncheck the "Hide" option in the Wire Properties dialog box. Another easier way is to right click on the wire and select "Show Label". This will show the label of the net at the point at which you clicked. A wire may be labeled on one or all segments. You can also click on a wire label and drag it to a new position on the net. When you let go of the label, it will be attached to the closest point on the closest segment. It will also be attached on the same side on which you drop it. You can remove a label from a segment by dragging it far from the wire and dropping it, or by explicitly right clicking and selecting "Hide Label". The "Hide Label" function will hide only the label on the selected segment.

Right clicking and selecting "Hide All Labels" will make all of the labels on a net invisible, but TkGate will remember where they were placed. The next time you select "Show Label", or uncheck "Hide" in the Wire Properties dialog box, all of the hidden labels will become visible again. If you instead select "Clear All Labels", the labels will be hidden, and the original locations forgotten.

You can turn display of the bit width of a multi-bit wire on and off by right clicking and selecting "Show Bit Width" or "Hide Bit Width". The display can be controlled for each segment, but the size is always displayed in the middle of the segment and can not be moved.

### 2.8 Searching for Gates and Wires

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.24: Search Dialog Box
You can search for wires and gates anywhere in your circuit by using the "Find..." option from the "Edit" menu, or by pressing on the toolbar. Enter text into the entry area to search for gates, nets or text in circuit comments. The search results will be updated as you type showing the list of objects that match your search criteria. You can choose to locate objects with names that contain, begin with, end with or exactly match the name you type. You can also choose to ignore case in the match, or limit the search to only gates, nets, comment text, or any combination thereof.

Figure 2.25: Cross-hairs
on Target Device
When you wish to go to an item in the search list, double click on it. TkGate will open the module containing that item, and place cross-hairs on it to show you which item you selected. The search dialog box will remain open until you press "Close" so that you can visit multiple objects until you find the one you are looking for. Press the "Find" button to go to the next object in the list without double clicking.

### 2.9 HTML in Comments

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.26: Comment Editor
TkGate supports a small number of HTML markup elements in comments. The markup commands can be used to change font face, font size, or add hyperlinks to other documents or locations in a circuit. Comments are created by clicking the mouse to set a mark, then selecting "Comment" from the "Gate" menu (or using the "C" shortcut).

When you first create a comment, the properties box for the comment will appear and allow you to enter the text of the comment. You can also double click on an existing comment to edit its text. Hold down the Shift key while clicking to avoid following any hyperlinks in the comment.

When you are done typing the comment, click on the "OK" button to close the comment properties box and update the text of the comment as it is displayed on the screen. Currently, unlike a true HTML document, newlines in comments are not wrapped and are displayed as typed.

The supported markup commands are:

Element | Description
--- | ---

<value-of name="name"> | Replace with value of special TkGate constant.
<a href="url"></a> | Insert a hyperlink or link to a Verilog file.
<b></b> | Make the enclosed text appear in a bold font.
<i></i> | Make the enclosed text appear in an italic font.
<h1></h1> | Make the enclosed text appear in Heading 1 font.
<h2></h2> | Make the enclosed text appear in Heading 2 font.
<h3></h3> | Make the enclosed text appear in Heading 3 font.
<tt></tt> | Make the enclosed text appear in fixed-width typewriter (Courier) font.
<small></small> | Make the enclosed text appear in a font one step smaller than the current font.
<big></big> | Make the enclosed text appear in a font one step bigger than the current font.
<font></font> | Set the font characteristics of the enclosed text.
&??; | Replaced with a character entity.

#### 2.9.1 Accessing Internal Constants (<value-of>)

This is a special TkGate-specific markup command. It is replaced with the value of the specified variable. The primary purpose of this command is for use on the TkGate start-up page. The possible variable names are "tkgate-version" for the current version of TkGate, "tkgate-homepage" for the current home page of TkGate, "tkgate-mailcontact" for the e-mail address of the TkGate contact person, "tkgate-copyright" for the copyright notice, and "tkgate-release-date" for the release date of this version of TkGate.

#### 2.9.2 Hyperlinks (<a>)

This command inserts a hyperlink into a comment. Different actions are performed depending on the protocol of the link. For "http:" and "mail:" protocol links, TkGate will open the browser or e-mail client that has been registered in the users TkGate options. Use the HTML Tab in the Options dialog box to set your browser and email client.

If the protocol is "file:", then action depends on the extension on the file. If the extension is ".v", then TkGate will load the specified file as if it had been opened through the "File Open..." menu. If the extension is ".html", then TkGate will load the file in a browser, just as with "http:" protocol links. For all other extensions, TkGate will load the file in a text viewer.

Files specified with the "file:" protocol can use one of the following special codes to reference specific TkGate directories:

Code | Directory
--- | ---

@T | TkGate tutorial directory.
@E | TkGate examples directory.
@H | TkGate home directory.
@C | Directory of currently open circuit.

If a link contains the '#' character, the text after it is treated as a label. A label can reference a gate, wire or module. When the first character is '/', the rest of the label is assumed to reference a module. TkGate will open that module when the link is followed. When the first character is not '/', then the label is assumed to reference a gate or wire instance. A full path specifier must be used. That is a wire "w4" in a module with instance name "m1" (not function name) would be specified with the link "#m1.w4". When instance links are opened, TkGate will go to the containing module and place "cross-hairs" on the item referenced by the label. In the special case where the entire link starts with a '#', these actions are performed in the current circuit.

One additional, TkGate-specific protocol is "action:". Links with the "action:" protocol can be used to invoke TkGate commands. For example "action:newFile" will cause TkGate to open a new file just as if the user had selected "File New..." from the menu. The following actions are supported with the "action:" protocol:

Action | Description
--- | ---

newFile | Create a new file.
loadFile | Load an existing file.
loadLibrary | Open the library manager.
saveFile | Save the current file.
saveAsFile | Save the current file to a new name.
editOptions | Open the options dialog box.
startSimulator | Start the simulator./td>
blockNew | Create a new module.
blockDelete | Delete a module.
blockCopy | Copy a module.
blockSetRoot | Set the root module.
blockRename | Rename a module.n
blockClaim | Claim a module.
zoomIn | Zoom in.
zoomOut | Zoom out.

#### 2.9.3 Fonts

Example:
The comment text:
<font color=toupe family=times size=4>This is a test</font>
Will be rendered as:
This is a test
There are several command for changing the font size, face and color. The most general of these is the <font> command. TkGate supports the "size", "color" and "face" attributes of this command. The "size" is an integer between 1 and 7 where 1 results in the smallest supported font, and 7 the largest. The "color" attributes specifies the color that should be used for the text. Any color from the X11 color name database may be used. The "face" specifies the font family to use. The supported font families are "courier", "helvetica", "times" and "symbol".

#### 2.9.4 Character entities

Character entities are sequences of characters that are replaced with special symbols. Most of the common character entities available in HTML are supported. For example "&lt;" is replaced with "<", and "&ge;" is replaced with "≥". Greek characters can also be generated. For example, "&alpha;" is replaced with "α".

### 2.10 Printing a Schematic

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.27: Print Output Page
To print a circuit, choose the "Print..." option from the "File" menu, or press the button on the toolbar. You can choose to print directly to a printer using a specified print command, or you can print to a file. When printing a single-page document to a file, you can also choose to save the circuit in encapsulated postscript. This will suppress printing of the page frame and title.

The print dialog box is divided into two pages. The first page selects the "Output" of the command and has the following options:

- Output to printer/Output to file: Select one of these to indicate if the schematic should be written to a file, or sent directly to the printer.
- Printer: If printing to a file, this will indicate the printer to use. The list of printers is determined from /etc/printcap file. You can click on the "Advanced..." button to edit the printer command used to output to that printer.
- File Name: If output to a file is selected, this field indicates the name of the output file The default name is the name of the current circuit name with the extension renamed to ".ps". You can use the "Browse..." button to bring up a file name browser.
- Save as Encapsulated Postscript: If this option is enabled, the circuit will be saved as an Encapsulated Postscript file suitable for inclusion into a document. Printing of the title bar and the frame will be suppressed. Only single-page documents can be save In Encapsulated Postscript format.
- Paper Size: Indicates the paper size of the document. If your printer is multi-tray, the appropriate tray will be selected. A variety of U.S. and European/Asian paper sizes are provided.
- Orientation: Indicates the orientation of the diagram on the page. If you select "Portrait", the image will be printed so that the long side of the paper is vertical. If you select "Landscape", the image will be printed so that the short side is vertical.
- Print Double-Sided: Indicates that images should be printed on both sides of the page. This option is only effective on printers capable of double-sided printing.

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.28: Print Content Page
The second page of the print dialog box selects the "Content" to be printed and has the following options:

- Module Selection: Indicates which modules should be printed. The options are:
  - All: All modules in the current document will be printed.
  - Current: Only the module in displayed in the main editing window will be printed.
  - Used: Only the top-level module and any of its sub-modules will be printed.
  - Selected: Only modules selected in the list box below will be printed.
- Include library modules: Normally modules marked as being loaded from a library will not be printed. Enable this option to print these modules.
- Scale large modules to fit page: Modules which cannot fit on a single page without scaling will be reduced in size so they fit.
- Partition large modules into multiple pages:Modules which cannot fit on a single page without scaling will be split into multiple pages. A key indicating which portion a page represents will be printed in the lower right corner of the page.
- Include index: Prints an index page listing each of the modules in alphabetical order and the pages they are on.
- Include hierarchy graph: Prints a hierarchy graph rooted at the top-level module showing the relationship between parent and child modules.
- Print small modules four per page: Causes modules which can fit into a single quadrant to be grouped and printed on the same page.

### 2.11 Circuit Properties

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.29: General Circuit Properties
Circuits have several global properties which can be set by selecting "Circuit Properties..." from the "Module" menu. This will cause the dialog box shown at the right to appear.

The circuit properties are organized into two pages. A "General" page listing several miscellaneous properties, and a "Simulation" page listing properties that affect simulation of the circuit. The properties on the "General" page are:

- File Name: This non-user-modifiable field shows the name of the file from which the circuit was last read or saved to.
- File Version: This non-user-modifiable field shows the version of TkGate that saved the file from which this circuit was loaded.
- Circuit Title: This is a text description of the circuit. It will be used when printing a schematic. It is also used for user-defined libraries as the library description in the library manager.
- Do not warn about discarding changes: Enabling this option disables warnings when discarding a modified circuit by exiting TkGate, by loading a new circuit, or by creating a new circuit. Normally, this option is only used by the example and tutorial circuits that come with TkGate. Enabling this option is not recommended for user circuits.
- Use extender bars: This determines whether "extender bars" should be used on newly created gates. In older versions of TkGate, the inputs on simple gates such AND and OR were squeezed into a fixed space irregardless of how many inputs their were. Newer versions of TkGate can use extender bars on many-input AND, OR and XOR gates. You can use this option to control the style to be used on newly created gates. Existing gates are unaffected and a circuit can contain a mix of old-style and new-style gates.
- Enable auto-start of simulation: If this flag is enabled, the simulator will be automatically started when you load this circuit.

(Click to Enlarge)
Figure 2.30: Simulation Circuit Properties
The "Simulation" page of the circuit properties includes the following options:

- Initialization Scripts: Indicates a list of TkGate simulation scrips which will be automatically executed when the simulator is started. If a file name does not start with a '/', the current directory, the directory containing the circuit file and the user's home directory will be searched for the file.
- Clock Options: Indicates the behavior of the clock step command or Tab key when in simulation mode. If "Clock step stops on all clock posedges" is selected, then the button will cause the simulation to advance until the rising edge of any clock in the circuit. If "Clock step stops on clock: is selected, then the button will cause the simulation to advance until a rising edge on the specified clock. All other clocks will be ignored.
- Default Simulation Time Scale This option allows you to set the default time scale for the circuit. The units are the units to use for delay, and the precision sets the time for one simulation epoch.